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A Comparison of Marx and Durkheim - 1217 Words

A Comparison of Marx and Durkheim s Theories of the Structure of Modern Society Introductory Essay: Marx and Durkheim There was once a time when the societies of the world were nothing more than a ruling class and a class that was ruled. In these feudal societies classes were set. There was little chance for a member of the ruling bourgeoisie class to cross over to the oppressed proletariat class or from the proletariat class to the bourgeoisie class. Every individual within each class had the routine for each day set out for him or her. There was little change in the lives of individuals of these societies. There was monotony in their work and their work did little more for them than keeping them alive. In those societies,†¦show more content†¦After determining what resulted from modernization, Durkheim unlike Marx was interested in reforming not eliminating modern society. In analyzing Durkheim’s theory of modern society, I will begin with the focal point of it, namely solidarity. With modernization and industrialization, labour became increasingly specialized. Before this in the pre- modern societies, all workers did almost the same work in order to sustain themselves. These workers shared social cohesion base on similarity and commonality among themselves. This ‘mechanical solidarity’ was soon replaced by ‘organic solidarity’. With organic solidarity social cohesion was based on each individual’s dependence on every other in the society for survival. (The Emile Durkheim Archive, Solidarity) With the transition from Feudalism to Capitalism came a different set of norms and values by which to live. The transition from old to modern society was a very complex and relatively quick one. The people had to adapt to this quick and unclear change of the society. Because the transition was very difficult to make, many people lost their way in between. They became confused. The peoples’ state of confusion according to Durkheim is termed anomie. In order to combat anomie Durkheim asserts that people turn to religion. Religion for Durkheim was not divinely inspired but was simply a set of collective beliefs that shaped norms and values, norms and values that shapedShow MoreRelatedComparison of Marx, Durkheim and Weber1622 Words   |  7 PagesResponse Paper #1 Marx, Weber, Durkheim, introducing the godfathers of sociology. Three of the most influential theorists that are debated on and about till our present time. How have three very different individuals in history have maintained the template as we know it to understanding society, which has been over three centuries old? How is it that three different worlds and times in history, has had such familiarization not only for their respected times but a revelation to today’s systems andRead More Comparisons of the Ontological Positions of Marx, Durkheim and Weber836 Words   |  3 Pages Comparisons of the ontological positions of Marx, Durkheim and Weber. Presenting any comparisons of Marx, Durkheim and Weber necessitates a homogeneous delineation of ontology. Megill (2002) defined ontology as â€Å"the field of investigation that attempts to arrive at conclusions regarding the fundamental nature of reality† (Megill 2002, p.38), and it is this definition that will delineate the positioning of these theorists. Karl Marx represented a pragmatic and practical positioning that identifiedRead MoreComparison Between Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 Pagestheorists as found in Chapter 1 of the course text. (300-400 words) The two theorists i’ve decided to compare and contrast are Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Firstly i’ll compare them to one another. From all the readings I did and past education on these individuals I found they have a lot of the same views in regards to religion. Both Emlie Durkheim and Karl Marx believe that religion is a projection of mans hopes and desires. They both also agree that religion plays a powerful role in influencingRead MoreThe Theoretical And Methodological Perspectives Of Radicals Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels1162 Words   |  5 Pages In the comparison of the theoretical and methodological perspectives of radicals Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, with the more liberal teachings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, there must be an understanding that essentially they were all intellects of the period of the Enlightenment. The philosophical basis of the Enlightenment was that human beings are substantially perfectible. This meant that human beings coul d be taught things and that there was never an end to the capacity of what couldRead MoreCompare and Contrast Marx’s Idea of Class and Durkheim’s Division of Labour?1641 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast Marx’s idea of class and Durkheim’s division of labour? The essay will begin by providing a brief introduction into the two perspectives of Functionalism and Marxism, focusing on the theories of the French Sociologist Emile Durkheim and the German philosopher Karl Marx. Then it will give a brief discussion showing the transformation that took place from feudalism to capitalism, providing the reader with an insight into the dramatic change that took place during a time of revolution and revoltRead MoreAnalysis of Marx, Weber, and Durkheims Views Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe sociological views of  the three founding fathers; Karl Marx,  Max Weber, and  Emile Durkheim  all assert that various aspects of our lifestyle are fully a product of the society in which we live. Each theorist views the impact of society and its manifestation of our identity in a different way. All three of these men used the Industrial Revolution  and capitalism to shape their theories of social identity, especially the identity created by capitalisms division of labor; the owners of the meansRead MoreMarx And Durkheim s Theory Of Social Inequality955 Words   |  4 Pagespresent in sociological works dating back as far as early 18th century in the works of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Centuries later, theoretical foundations of both Marx and Durkheim can be readily applied to social inequality in the context of present day Canada. Durkheim’s theory is founded in analyzing how societies function by focusing on the ideas of the division of labour, merit and functionalism. Marx on the other hand, views society as divided into social classes of bourgeoisie and proletariatsRead MoreMarx And Durkheim s Theory Of Social Inequality933 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical foundations of both Marx and Durkheim can be readily applied to social inequality in the context of present day Canada. Durkheim’s theory is founded in analyzing how societies function by focusing on the ideas of the division of labour, merit and functi onalism. Marx, on the other hand, views society as divided into social classes of the bourgeoisie and proletariats, while stressing the importance of the role of capital plays in society in relation to inequality. Both Marx and Durkheim’s theoriesRead MoreClassical Sociological Theorist Past1044 Words   |  5 Pagescome after the other. Don’t fall asleep or they ll poke you with their sticks (wink). Be careful and good luck. 11:00 pm Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Well hello Barrack, I see you have made some poor choices when it comes to the stocks, do you not remember anything from economics boy! You should know my name but I just love to say my name all the time, I am Karl Marx and this is my partner Friedrich Engels and we are here tonight to help you out. We will be giving you tips on how to improve yourRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and theorists views over the others.991 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and outline how they perceived religion operating socially. Discuss why you chose your preferred theorists views over the others. Marx, Durkheim and Weber each had different sociological views of the role and function of Religion. My preferred theorists view’s on Religion is Karl Marx’s as I feel his ideas are more relevant

Auditing for Global Environmental Politics

Question: Discuss about the Auditing for Global Environmental Politics. Answer: Introduction: Due to extreme competition in business activities, various kinds of risks are faced by businesses. Inherent risk is a kind of threat that explains potential pitfalls or losses that prevail before mitigating factors or internal security controls are implemented. Inherent risks are present in the business automatically and no amount of safeguard can keep it at bay. It is inherent in the system. Moreover, it measures the auditors evaluation of the likelihood that there are material misstatements because of fraud or error in segment before considering the efficiency of internal control. In other words, an inherent risk cannot be suppressed by an auditors presence or internal control policies. Whenever a business decides to expand its business activities, it becomes prone to inherent risks. In short, the businesses need to tackle various challenges and risks from the proposed planning of expansion (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). The assessment procedures of risk comprises of various internal and external factors that includes inappropriate transactions, fraud or thefts, misstatements in financial statements etc. However, there are many risks that are already identified by the management while the business develops and this highly relies upon control and measurement factor and other line of action strategies. It must be noted that a business can be assessed taking into account several macro as well as micro factors that are very crucial from the starting point till the collection of revenues, allocation of revenues and payment of taxes etc (Geoffrey et. al, 2016). With the assistance of such measures and controls, effective assessment of business risks can be initiated and every ineffective area can be identified so that management can take proper steps in relation to the same. But there is a usual proclivity among the business enterprises that unearthing of misstatements, frauds or errors in the financial statements cannot be done until and unless these transform into a bi gger mess (Brown et. al, 2006). Moreover, even the accountants often ignore these problems because these are petty but these factors are the major reasons behind the creation of inherent risks. Therefore, both internal and external audit processes must be conducted so that any weak spots can be unearthed easily. Furthermore, these petty factors can merge and transform into a bigger problem that can impact the companys performance. This is evident in the case of OneTel, where the management ignored these petty factors and it resulted in a serious problem. Other factors like poor management, inadequate terms, conditions, inappropriate diligence measures, etc also facilitated in the downfall of the company (Goodstein, 2011). It was observed that the management of OneTel failed to take proper actions so as to evaluate the risks prevalent in its business. Assessment of risk is a vital process that failed in the case of OneTel thereby leading to a fall. Not only this, even the founder and managing director of the company made false misstatements that clearly indicated fraud on the part of the company in order to gain more profits. This signifies the importance of risk evaluation in the business activities of a company but as OneTel failed to take such actions, the risks and complexities prevailing in its activities could not be unearthed and resulted in the companys downfall. Moreover, it has been observed that detecting problems in a business activity becomes observable to the management only when it takes a form of a huge mess. Hence, if these factors combined collectively, it can be understood how OneTel crumbled because of inappropriate risk evaluation measures. When risk evaluation process of the business is unable to provide backup then the business is sure to face obstacles. Moreover, it leads to difficulty in terms of operation and the same witnessed in OneTel. As mentioned-above, the first factor that leads to the creation of inherent risks in a business activity is the ignorance of management and the accountants in relation to the financial statements. This factor is further amalgamated by various other factors that include mismanagement in relation to ageing creditors and debtors, unclear cheques etc. Therefore, ineffectiveness by the management in relation to these can depict inappropriate and inaccurate account balance (Matthew, 2015). Not only did the management of OneTel failed to introduce effective steps for risk evaluation but the accounting policies were altered that made the complete risk evaluation procedure very topsy-turvy and therefore ascertainment of accurate account balance became possible, thereby creating risks. The accounting procedures must be continuous and regular as it facilitates in effective presentation and assists in offering significant information that can be easily understood by related parties (Matthew, 201 5). At the starting stage, OneTel did not make accounting policies for the intangibles but taking into account the deferred expenses, it altered the policy. This alteration did not go well for the company as it was a very rapid one. This indicates the limitations prevalent in the company. Furthermore, the inefficacies in the financial reporting methods of the company were also questionable as the account balances were completely inaccurate and this is the reason why the new auditors of the company issued a qualified opinion in respect of its financial statements. There were major problems in the system and the management failed to provide a productive result. However, in contrast to this, the previous auditors of the company issued an unqualified opinion that signifies fraud in the company. Hence, when the financial statements of the company were submitted to the ASIC, the account balances were clearly found to be inaccurate and therefore, several concealed losses and expenses provided by the company was exposed. These infinite factors led to the creation of inherent risks for the company and thereby leading to its downfall. It is the re sponsibility of the management to depict the exact balances and if it does not reveal, it results in suppression of material facts that can dissatisfy the investors and shareholders of the company. The most significant cause of the problem can be attributed towards the neglect of accounts by the accounts department. Even the reporting methods of the company were ineffective because it failed to identify inaccuracies in the account balances of the company. This was because of gross management and poor internal control policies within the company (Vause, 2009). As a result, the company had to suffer from disintegration because inherent risks surrounded the company as a whole. Hence, it is clear from the above-discussion that reporting procedures must be free from errors because it can increase the exposure towards inherent risks, thereby leading to downfall. Even the auditors of a company are strictly liable to make use of significant tools and mechanisms to detect any errors whether intentional or unintentional on the part of company. But in this case, the companys auditors failed to take such effective measures and deviated from their duties. It is the duty of the auditors to consider every point and provide an independent decision (Wood, 2011). The auditors that help to provide an effective result that was lacking in OneTel should ensure the compliance system. The going concern concept is the main reason that states that an organization will be operative in the upcoming future and there does not remain any reason for its wind up. According to the balance sheet assessment, it can be observed that the current assets, non-current assets and liabilities have significantly enhanced. But, it is a matter of questionable doubt that despite a decrease in the profits of the company, it can be seen that the share capital has enhanced. Moreover, even a decrease in profits of the company is not a good sign because it indicates a slow progress towards development and loss of stakeholders confidence upon the companys activities. The accumulated losses of the company portrayed in the last year reports above 200% in contrast to the figures of last year. The EBITD depicted in the income statement of the company is in negative figures that clearly indicate that the losses of the company were increased on a very high note because there were huge expenses repo rted in the P/L account of the company. This also states that the company can either reduce its debt obligations or increase its revenues so that the losses can be wiped off. However, considering the amount or figures of loss, it is very difficult for the company to clear all of these in just one or two pears (Monem, 2009). Therefore, it is the duty of management to focus on such matters effectively so that the company can be safeguarded from upcoming dangers. As the flaws of the company were exposed and reporting conducted by the agencies, it was observe that the Finance Director of the company had miserably failed to take proper steps to authenticate the books of accounts that include ledgers, journals, trial balances etc (Gilbert terry, 2005). This indicates an inefficacy on the managements part because the company executives did not perform their duties as expected of them. The ageing reports of creditors and debtors were prone to several loopholes because of ignorance by the accounts department. Therefore, if the company continues to be ineffective in such processes, an opening gap will be established between the profit and loss where the loss amounts will be massive. Furthermore, the company will tend to lose trust among its stakeholders and it will fail to function in an effective manner (Dougla s et. al, 2015). Hence, the going concern concept is at massive risk and as per the circumstances, it can be observed that factors like poor internal control mechanisms, ineffective management etc can negatively impact the going concern concept. According to the going concern concept, a business can operate for an infinite period but these situations can be tolerated upto an extent and if massive losses are incur in future, it will not be able to repay its debt obligations and thereby cannot invest towards its growth (Cook, 2001). It is well-established that only those companies can prosper in the business world that has a continuous flow back of money so that it can carry out its activities in a simple and flexible manner. However, once a crisis like this affects the company, it will become very difficult to get out of such a situation and again be efficient in conducting normal activities will be more of a dream for the company (Douglas et. al, 2015). Therefore, it is highly required that the compa ny must strike this concept of going concern so that the inefficacies and irregularities prevalent in the company because of factors like mismanagement and ignorance can be mitigated, thereby safeguarding the company from being wind up. References Brown, J.W., Chasek, P. Downie, D.L 2006, Global Environmental Politics, Boulder, CO:Westview Press. Cook, T 2001, Collapse of Australia's fourth largest telco adds to growing list of corporate failures viewed 16 September 2016, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/06/onte-j08.html Douglas M.B, Todd, D.F Hermanson, D.R 2015, The Effects of Internal Audit Report Type and Reporting Relationship on Internal Auditors' Risk, Judgments.Accounting Horizons, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 695-718. Geoffrey D. B,Joleen K,K. Kelli SDavid A. W 2016, Attracting Applicants for In-House and Outsourced Internal Audit Positions: Views from External Auditors, Accounting Horizons, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 143-156. Gilbert, W. J Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol. 3, pp. 66-92 Goodstein, E 2011, Ethics and Economics, Economics and the Environment, Wiley Matthew S. E 2015, Does Internal Audit Function Quality Deter Management Misconduct?, The Accounting Review, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 495-527 Monem, R 2009, The Life and Death of OneTel, Griffith University. Vause, B 2009, Guide to Analysing Companies, Bloomberg Press Wood, D A 2011,The Effect of Using the Internal Audit Function as a Management Training Ground on the External Auditor's Reliance Decision, The Accounting Review, vol. 86. No. 6

Lab report on stress concentrations Essay Example

Lab report on stress concentrations Paper In order to find the stress in that direction, we need to know the strain in that direction, and use Hookers Law to find the stress. 7. We did not use gages 7 8, so the data required for this calculation is not available. CONCLUSIONS This lab has given us a better understanding of how stresses are dispersed amongst a rod with indentations and impurities such as holes. Due to our calculations we noticed that at the points directly attached to the tangent surfaces of the hole, the sensors calculated to the most stress. Also, our stress averages of 2. 025 and 2. 0126 were very comparable to the given graphical values of 2. 1. Some of the errors in the lab could have been to the machine error, or simply human error. Perhaps the sensors were not placed in the correct spots, and maybe the correct number of significant figures was not used or carried throughout the lab. We enjoyed conducting this lab and hope to see more stress train labs in the future. ASSESSMENT If this lab was conducted a second time, some suggestions are as follows. It would have been nice to have a more hands on experience with the lab. It would have been nice to have individual concrete samples so each of us could see the data being calculated and so we could understand where certain values were coming from. It would be interesting to then tensile stress test the samples that we prepared as a team the following week. We understand that there are also questions that must be reviewed in class, but it would be nice to have done 60% lab, 40% discussion. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report on stress concentrations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report on stress concentrations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report on stress concentrations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer